Legalization Of Drungs Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug Culture

MLK - I have a Dream essays

MLK - I have a Dream expositions Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream conveys an incredible message driven by dreams of fellowship and equity. The discourse not just interests to similar dreams shared by his audience members yet additionally to their feeling of reason and understanding that they will likely right and unquestionable wrong. Through various analogies and recorded references, Dr. Lord can make a mixing and enthusiastic discourse sure to draw out the best in all who hear it out. Lord puts forth an admirable attempt to draw substantial examinations between the Negros predicament and, for goodness' sake, banking. By doing this, Dr. Lord can improve what could be translated as a perplexing contention into the essential procedure of cash(ing) a check. Nonetheless, in the Kings discourse, the individual giving out the check is America and, a lot to his and the Negro people groups discontent, the check is being returned for deficient assets. Ruler accepts that once the check can be gotten the money for, the Negro individuals will have the option to request the wealth of opportunity and security of equity. Ruler keeps on making more analogies when he starts to draw correlations among opportunity and nature. Lord accepts that that dark individuals should ascend from the dull and ruined valley of isolation to the sunlit way of racial equity. This is an intrigue to those not in the battle to ascend and start requesting equity. Nobody ought to need to live their lives in a barren valley yet rather should get away from the sand traps of racial bad form and climb the strong stone of fellowship. Ruler even proceeds to portray the racial atmosphere as a boiling summer which won't go to pre-winter until opportunity and equity are there for all to share. This can be viewed as a notice to the developments restriction that, indeed, the Negro individuals are rankled and will battle, however calmly, until equity has poured down acros... <!

What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy

What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychotherapy Print What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy? The Process, Benefits, and Possible Downsides of Psychoanalytic Therapy By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 11, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 13, 2019 Alberto Ruggieri / Illustration Works / Getty Images More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview History Effectiveness Benefits Downsides Conditions Success Rates Other Treatments Finding a Therapist View All Back To Top Psychoanalytic therapy is one of the most well-known treatment modalities, but it is also one of the most misunderstood by mental health consumers. The goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to help patients better understand the unconscious forces that can play a role in current behaviors, thoughts, and emotions. This type of therapy is based upon the theories and work of  Sigmund Freud, who founded the school of thought known as psychoanalysis. What Is Psychoanalytic Therapy? Freud described the unconscious as the reservoir of desires, thoughts, and memories that are below the surface of conscious awareness. He believed that it was these unconscious influences that could often lead to psychological distress and disturbances. Psychoanalytic therapy looks at how the  unconscious mind  influences thoughts and behaviors. Psychoanalysis frequently involves looking at early childhood experiences in order to discover how these events might have shaped the individual and how they contribute to current actions. The History of Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalytic theory grew out of the work of the famous psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud who began developing his therapeutic techniques in the late 1800s. In 1885, Freud began to study and work with Jean-Martin Charcot at the Salpêtrière in Paris. Charcot used  hypnosis  to treat women suffering from what was then known as  hysteria. Symptoms of the illness included partial paralysis, hallucinations, and nervousness. Freud continued to research hypnotism in treatment, but his work and friendship with colleague Josef Breuer led to the development of his most famous therapeutic technique. Breuer described his treatment of a young woman, known in the case history as  Anna O., whose symptoms of hysteria were relieved by talking about her traumatic experiences. Freud and Breuer collaborated on a book called  Studies on Hysteria  and Freud continued to develop his use of this talk therapy. This approach proposed that simply talking about problems could help relieve psychological distress. How Does Psychoanalytic Therapy Work? Psychoanalytic therapists generally spend time listening to patients talk about their lives, which is why this method is often referred to as the talking cure. The therapy provider will look for patterns or significant events that may play a role in the clients current difficulties. Psychoanalysts believe that childhood events and unconscious feelings, thoughts, and motivations play a role in mental illness and maladaptive behaviors. Techniques Used in Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalytic therapy also makes use of other techniques including free association, exploration of transference, observing defenses and feelings patients may not be aware of, as well as  dream interpretation. The Psychoanalytic Process People undergoing psychoanalytic therapy often meet with their therapist at least once a week and may remain in therapy for a number of weeks, months, or even years. Through this process, the hope is that people will be able to gain insight and awareness of the unconscious forces that contribute to their current mental state. Treatment Can Be Intensive Patients may sometimes find that psychoanalysis can be quite intense and personal. It involves talking a great deal about past experiences, relationships, and feelings. This can also lead to feelings of discomfort as unconscious forces are brought to light. While the process can sometimes result in uneasiness, it can also be a great way to gain insight and deal with feelings that are difficult to put into words.?? Dealing With Unconscious Forces This approach to therapy often involves provoking emotional responses and overcoming defense mechanisms. Success often hinges on the ability to confront potentially stressful or triggering past experiences. Gaining insight into your feelings, behaviors, and experiences can help you better understand the unconscious forces that continue to exert and influence on your actions, your relationships, and your sense of self. Psychoanalytic therapy may also help you learn techniques for coping when future problems arise. Rather than falling back on unhealthy defenses, you may be better able to recognize your feelings and deal with them in a constructive manner. What Are the Benefits of Psychoanalytic Therapy? As with any approach to mental health treatment, psychoanalytic therapy can have its pluses and minuses. The degree to which these potential benefits and pitfalls influence the choice to use this approach depends on a variety of factors including the individuals preferences and severity of symptoms. In the last few decades, there has been significant research validating this approach’s benefits. The therapist offers an empathetic and nonjudgmental environment where the client can feel safe in revealing feelings or actions that have led to stress and difficulties in his or her life. Often, simply sharing these burdens in the context of a therapeutic relationship can have a beneficial influence. Furthermore, it has been shown that this type of self-examination can lead to continued emotional growth over time. What Are the Downsides to Psychoanalytic Therapy? As with all treatment methods, there are also potential downsides that should be considered. Costs Costs are often cited as the biggest downside of psychoanalytic therapy. Many clients are in therapy for years, so the financial costs associated with this treatment modality can be potentially very high. Time This  type of therapy  has had critics who claim that psychoanalytic therapy is too time-consuming, expensive, and generally ineffective. Some such as Noam Chomsky and Karl Popper suggested that psychoanalysis lacked a scientific basis. Misconceptions of this type of treatment are often connected to some of the earlier, more classical Freudian applications of psychoanalytic treatment. What Conditions Can Psychoanalysis Treat? Psychoanalysis may be used to treat a number of different psychological conditions. Some of the concerns that can be treated using psychoanalytic therapy include: Obsessive-compulsive disorderDepressionPsychosomatic disordersPhobiasAnxietyIdentity problemsEmotion struggles or traumaSelf-destructive behaviorRelationship issuesSexual problems People who are likely to benefit from this form of therapy are often those who have been experiencing symptoms for some time. Long-term symptoms of anxiety, depressed mood, and behaviors that have a negative impact on functioning and enjoyment of life are some possible reasons why people might choose to try psychoanalytic therapy. What Are the Success Rates of Psychoanalysis? While some critics have derided the success rates of psychoanalytic therapy, recent research suggests that this treatment modality can be an effective treatment for a range of issues.?? Psychoanalytic Therapy Is Effective at Symptom Reduction One review of the effectiveness of long-term psychoanalytic therapies found moderate to large success rates for reducing symptoms of a variety of psychopathologies. Another large-scale study looking found that short-term psychoanalytic therapy was effective for general symptom improvement. In addition to these general improvements, the review also found that the psychoanalytic treatment led to lasting improvements in symptoms of somatic symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Psychoanalytic Therapy Leads to Lasting Improvements Patients who receive psychoanalytic treatment retain these gains and may continue to improve even after treatment ends. A 2010 review published in American Psychologist found that the scientific evidence supports that psychodynamic therapy was as effective as other evidence-based treatments. How Does Psychoanalysis Differ From Other Treatments? What makes psychoanalytic therapy different from other forms of treatment? A review of the research comparing psychodynamic approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) identified seven features that set the psychoanalytic approach apart.?? The focus on emotions and how they are expressed. Where CBT is centered on cognitions and behaviors, psychoanalytic therapy explores the full range of emotions that a patient is experiencing.The exploration of avoidance. People often avoid certain feelings, thoughts, and situations that they find distressing. Understanding what patients are avoiding can help the therapist and client better explore why such avoidance comes into play.The identification of recurring patterns and themes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. In some cases, people are aware of such repetitious actions but may be unable to break out of these unhealthy or destructive patterns. At other times, patients are not aware of how such patterns influence their behaviors.The emphasis on talking about past experiences. Other therapies often focus more on the here-and-now, or how current thoughts and behaviors influence how a patient functions. The psychoanalytic approach helps the patient explore their past and underst and how it affects both the present and future.The exploration of interpersonal relationships. Through the therapy process, patients are able to explore their relations with others, both current and past.The focus on the therapy relationship itself. Because psychoanalytic therapy is so personal, the relationship between the therapist and the patient is an important part of the treatment process.Exploring the patients fantasy life. Where other therapies are often highly structured and goal-oriented, psychoanalytic therapy allows the patient to explore freely. Patients are free to give voice to fears, desires, dreams, and other urges that they have never spoken of before. Tips for Finding a Psychoanalytic Therapist If psychoanalytic therapy sounds like it might be right for you, there are some things you can do to find a therapist in your area. The first step is to begin looking for a therapist who specializes in this form of treatment. How can you find a qualified psychoanalytic therapist? Talk to your doctor. Asking your primary care physician for recommendations is a good first step. Your doctor can also put you in touch with a referral service if needed.Ask a friend. Friends who have had a good experience with psychoanalytic treatment can also be another good source of recommendations.Look online. If you do not have a good referral from someone you know, there are a number of online therapist networks and directories that can point you in the right direction. Once you have identified a potential therapist, make a call to set up an initial consultation. During this consultation, you can further explore if psychoanalytic therapy is the right approach for you. A Word From Verywell Psychoanalytic therapy is just one mental health treatment approach that you may want to consider. This approach may provide benefits that might be well-suited to your particular situation, but always talk to your doctor or therapist to determine which  psychotherapy  method might be the most effective for your individual needs. Try Online Psychotherapy with These Online Therapy Programs

William Shakespeare s Hamlet And The Duchess Of...

Shakespeare and Webster represent the female characters in ‘Hamlet’ and ‘The duchess of Malfi’ by using general themes such as the patriarchy and the social control, the female identity and its independence, this institution of marriage, the expressions of sexuality and finally women shown to be either conformist or transgressive. Men were firmly in control in the Elizabethan and Jacobean era, and the expectations for women were to stay home, cook, clean and raise a family. Women’s status and roles were subject to the Tyranny of patriarchy, they were given strict disciplinary rules to follow whether by law or unspoken norms to prevent from rebellion. Women’s rights were restricted, legally, socially and economically, unlike today were women are more powerful and independent. Today women and men are seen to be equal and women can do pretty much everything a man can do (voting, working, becoming president) although there are many people still tod ay who disagree with women having these rights. There are aspects of renaissance patriarchy demonstrated in both plays, which is exercised as a form of social control using dominant gender ideologies. Hamlets in his first soliloquy talks about his mother and how quick she was to remarry after only 1 month of his father’s death, he then says â€Å"Frailty, thy name is woman† not only including his mother but the whole women population also indicating that he has superior intellect and moral understanding. He dedicates the word frailty to aShow MoreRelatedComparing Hamlet And The Duchess Of Malfi2373 Words   |  10 PagesCompare the depictions of Madness in Hamlet and The Duchess of Malfi. What is the significance of madness in each play? During the late sixteenth century, dramas an plays became a big role in entertainment and madness became one of the major themes, as Salkeld recognises that the use of madness as a metaphor for subversion became increasingly marked throughout the first half of the seventeenth century . (Salkeld, 1994, pg.144)This madness created a spark within the Elizabethan era and caused

Evaluation Of A Project And Discuss Aspects Of The Film

This Critique will be going over five different aspects, I will be covering the roles adopted during the project by each group member, I will present an argument on one aspect of the project that I believe was strong, and I will be identifying aspects of my project that I think could have been strengthened and how these could have been changed to improve the work. I will also be providing a rationale for the final cut of the project and discuss how the peer review did or did not help in the development of the project and I will be analysing my final product of the project and discuss aspects of the film itself. First for this assignment I tried to stand back and not take over being the leader as it did not work for another assignment in the past. Standing back at first was not working for no one was standing up to lead the group as I felt no one wanted to be the leader. We ended up all being the leader and no one being the leader. For the roles in this assignment, it was more group based leadership where everyone contributed to making the movie move forward. The first few weeks I found it was difficult getting hold of people as one of our group member’s, Luyao as she only showed up for the first class and we did not see her during filming and editing, also hasn’t really contributed to the film as far as I know. Qiaochu says she has done some filming with her, but as I have only seen her once I could not tell you if she has done any work towards the filming part. The firstShow MoreRelatedMeasurement and Evaluation2510 Words   |  11 Pagescharacteristics such as attitude, mot ives, interests and other personality traits. As for the psychomotor domain in relation to assessment involves assessing the learners’ ability to use his or her own hands for example in handwriting, construction and projects Continuous assessment is based on a radically different premise namely that the best and the fairest way to assess students’ performance is to assess each stage of courses as soon and after it has been completed as possible or in some cases whileRead MoreLeadership Assessment4632 Words   |  19 Pagesthe workplace. He knew the vital aspect of the workplace is working well with others. That included everyone from peers to supervisors. He knew not all employees will not always like each other, but knew they needed to set aside their personal or even work-related differences to reach a larger goal. In many instances, those who are not considered â€Å"team players† could have faced demotion. On the other hand, those who work well with others often advanced on that aspect alone, in the Army teamwork sometimesRead MoreRegal Entertainment Group: Addressing Industry Dependency and Differentiation7165 Words   |  29 Pagesboth within the film entertainment industry (as with Netflix and pirated films) and with substitute goods, such as live performances, restaurants, and sporting events. In addition, industry competitors have an extremely low level differentiation from one another, which is partially due to the reactive nature of the industry. It is also due to the considerable dependency on major film production companies. Regal’s dependency on the film production companies for profitable films and film advertisingRead More Reflection Paper on Heard Around the Common2354 Words   |  10 Pageswith space and receives information. I also used the case study, â€Å"What I Learned Doing a Multimedia Project on the French Revolution,† to see how another designer thought through her project, and handled financial and time constraints. The readings on being culturally sensitive, and including other viewpoints into one’s work, helped me think about how to incorporate diverse perspectives in my project, and encouraged me to believe in my original goal of including multiple points of view. I also enjoyedRead MoreIncorporation Of Multimodal Texts And Digital Technologies1970 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology has provided a new opportunity for teachers. As a consequence, teachers are integrating different aspects of technology in the curriculum to facilitate comprehension and accomplish the n eeds of their learners. Moreover, teachers employ the usage of technology in their classrooms to accomplish the needs of socially and culturally diverse learners. Underpinning on this, the essay is going to discuss how multimodal texts and digital technologies can be integrated in the Grade 3-4 curriculum. BackgroundRead MoreGraded Unit Plan Hnd Music Performance Essay4460 Words   |  18 PagesThe graded unit project consists of a project and an interview that will take place with someone, whether that is an employer  or someone who has had a consistent role in the area that you are presenting about. The whole project itself must contain  areas of all of the course modules and how it has helped me construct this piece of work. By the end of the year I should have a detailed portfolio that shows that I can present that I have learned the required and  necessary aspects of the core unitsRead MorePhilippine Independent film as a Medium for Political and Social issues5632 Words   |  23 Pagesï » ¿ PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENT FILM AS A MEDIUM FOR POLITICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES AS PERCEIVED BY MSEUF PROFESSORS AND STUDENTS An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences Manuel S. Enverga University Foundation Lucena City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mass Communication by: LEANDRA L. JARDELEZA CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM: ITS BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Background of the Study Since today is a fast changingRead MorePersonal Experience: My Teaching Philosophy2434 Words   |  10 Pagescollaboration must be a part of he current classroom climate. It must be . Students need to embrace critical and independent thinking. They need to trust their own instincts with somethingdoes not look right or fit into the bigger picture of the projects intendedoutcome. I facilitate a culture of learning that is centered around self growth, relections, invstigatn and problem solving. How does one teach art? Its been a question that has been thrown around a lot, and in years of faculty meetingsRead More The Death of the ‘Authorlessness Theory’? Essay6470 Words   |  26 Pageswould be a faux pas give his idea such a naà ¯ve reading—a reading strictly limited to written texts. When applied to projects such as Group art, music and film, his theory gains greater validity. Three such works that illustrate the complexities of authorship are Judy Chicago’s The Dinner Party (1979), Gram Parsons’ second solo album, Grievous Angel (1974), and the 1939 MGM film version of The Wizard of Oz. Adding to Barthes’ idea proposed in â€Å"The Death of the Author† will be discussions of MichelRead MoreEvaluation Research Design Literature19283 Words   |  78 Pages253 Chapter 6 Evaluation Research Design: Literat ure Reviews Synthesis Frequently a research question or hypothesis can be answered through secondary research, i.e., a literature review or synthesis. Both strategies requires the researcher to mine existing data sources; ―pull outâ€â€" relevant data or information; summarize it; logically analyze and/or statistically treat it; and report results. In many instances, the issue, problem, question, etc. which prompted the idea for an evaluation study is resolved

Napoleon Free Essays

Napoleon I was born on the French island of Corsica on the 15th of August 1769. Trained in the art of war at military academies in France, little did his supervisors know at that time that one day, this young officer was going to rise up the ranks in the army to become a General, play an important part in the French Revolution by being at the forefront of effective military operations against the First Second Coalitions, then overthrow the same revolutionary government he helped install (1799), rule over France as First Consul and then Emperor(1804-1815) and by cleverly crafted wars and political alignments, hold offices and titles as diverse, but equally powerful, as   King of Italy, Mediator of the Swiss Confederation and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine, thus effectively becoming the master of much of Mainland Europe. His military and political actions entailed significant influence on European History for years to come. We will write a custom essay sample on Napoleon or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1] Following expansionary policies, from 1800-1810, the French armed forces were engaged in pitched battles against and/or in the whole of Europe. Napoleon’s military and political prowess earned him a dominating influence over much of mainland Europe. His tactful masterpieces at Austerlitz and Friedland established his military power and forced alliances with weaker states, unwilling to stand up to the fury of his armies. He further consolidated his position by installing members of his family and close associates as the rulers of all states under French influence, with himself as supreme commander. [2] However, Napoleon’s success story was halted by the catastrophic expedition sent to conquer Russia in 1812. He was out smarted by the retreating Russians and when he ordered a retreat following the conquest of Moscow, he ensured the destruction beyond resurrection of his own Grande Armà ©e. The powers that formed the Sixth Coalition inflicted on him another resounding defeat at Leipzig in 1813, and subsequently stepped foot on French soil. Surrounded by the invading armies, Napoleon vacated office in April 1814, and was forcefully exiled   to the island of Elba. However, refusing to admit defeat, he returned to France, established himself as ruler and proceeded to fight against his foes. However, his endeavors had limited success and he was finally defeated at the battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815. He was exiled again to the uninhabited island of St. Helena where he died a quiet man in 1821. [3] Although Napoleon spent a lifetime on the battle field and his military conquests provide ample proof of his intelligence as a general, originality of technique was lacking at his end. He is credited though with the concept of fusing artillery into batteries and rearranging the military hierarchy to ensure that requirement of each core in the army was met adequately. These have become generally accepted principles in modern warfare. To this day, the Napoleonic wars are the subject of scholarly and academic study around the world. History remembers him for his military conquests and for his development of a bureaucratic structure (the Napoleonic Code), still followed in present day French. [4] Effects that Napoleon had on France In my opinion, the Napoleonic era proved healthy for France as Napoleon himself was a populist leader and developed the French armed forces into a mighty military machine. Governing France The French vote largely sided with Napoleon and approved of his actions. By the year 1804, Napoleon had established himself as unrivaled in power and authority in all of France. Realizing that the only way he could continue to consolidate his position was through garnering populist support; he continued the radical reform process while slowly tightening his grip on the political machinery. Although there was no single authority in the French state and all laws were made by an elected National Assembly (the lower house elected, the upper house appointed), Napoleon ensured that the weight age of power remained tilted towards him by choosing friendly elected candidates to the upper tier of the National Assembly. Since all laws were made by the Assemblies, Napoleon had considerable influence on all matters. [5] Napoleonic Code The Napoleonic Code was a law passed by the Napoleon administration that balanced, modernized, restructured, expanded and consolidated many of the previous reforms into a single source document. The code proclaimed the equal standing of all citizens and liberty to practice one’s religion of choice and labor mobility. However, some of the driving points of the revolution were left out of this code and in many places the interests of the common man were made subordinate to the interests of the state. Some laws, including those which guaranteed the rights of females and infants/children, were also repealed. [6] French Economy and society Napoleon understood that to finance his war machinery, he needed adequate finances and thus enshrined in law that all citizens pay taxes to the national exchequer. His policies helped reduce the level of inflation and ensured that a more just and equal distribution of income and wealth could be brought about. Thus, he abolished feudalism and introduced land reforms in turn increasing peasant land ownership. Furthermore, he ensured that the peasants were rid of their obligations to the Catholic Church as he settled the differences of the Vatican and the French State. On the other hand, the nobles were given freedom to rule over their respective lands as long as they plead political, economic and military allegiance to Napoleon. Dedication to the French State and its principles of hard and honest work were acknowledged through the introduction of the Legion of Honor (1802) which remains the highest civil and military award in the Modern French State. Changes to education Education also saw attention from Napoleon and soon reform was introduced in this sector too. Government run schools were set up and the curriculum standardized. The schools advocated radical love for the country and the state. The schooling system was divided amongst the primary, secondary, military and technical schools. Although primary education remained more or less the same, the rest of the schooling system advocated discipline, unity and faith along with a strong emphasis on military training. [7] The Catholic Church Napoleon understood that although the people had strong associations with religion, reform was also the need of the hour. Therefore, he tried to find a balance between the enshrined laws of the church and his new laws. In 1801, he signed a Concordat with the Vatican thus ending the long lasting feud between the state and the Catholic Church.   The agreement changed the way Bishops were chosen. Previously elected, they would now be appointed by the French government. No one but the pope would yield influence over them. In return, the Church ended its demand that all material interests taken under custody or destroyed by the revolution be returned or compensated for. [8] Building and roads Napoleon understood that a strong infrastructure would greatly help him in war. Therefore, finances were used in the development of roads, bridges and canals to facilitate the movement of troops and goods from the rural areas to the urban centers. At the same time, to signify his own glory, Paris underwent a huge beautification program under which the existing buildings were renovated, new ones were erected and various monuments were put up to signify the greatness of Napoleon and the revolution. [9] It would be harsh to judge Napoleon as a dictator for it can be inferred that a good number of his measures were aimed at improving the affairs of the common French lot. While many of his measures were unjust, one can argue that they were the need of the hour to protect the revolution and ensure the establishment of a republic. However, his appointment of himself as emperor negates this view. France fought wars on different fronts from 1792 to 1815 in order to ensure the continuity and survival of the revolution, under threat from the armies of other European monarchist powers, afraid that revolution in France would encourage populist uprising in their own empires. Napoleon’s skill and expertise ensured that the invading powers were kept at bay for as long as possible given the inherent limitations of any country. At its peak, the French empire spanned the whole of Mainland Europe. The whole area, from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to the very borders of Russia was controlled by Paris. Moreover, Napoleon exported the ideology of the French revolution to all areas under French control. [10]His measures included freedom of religion, an end to serfdom, and loosening the grip of the Catholic Church on the state. The Napoleonic Code also found itself being implemented in other countries as the source law. However, calamity can strike anytime. Napoleon invaded Russia and despite his hopes of defeating the Russians quickly, saw himself engaged in a long and draining fight with the retreating Russian soldiers. Napoleon was forced to chase the retreating army deep inside Russian soil and when he finally managed to win Moscow, the gravity of the situation dawned on him. He understood that maintaining a garrison in war torn Russia was impossible and ordered a retreat and this decision co incided with the Russian winter, known for its ferocity.   The climate and the shortages of food and shelter took the lives of many soldiers while the remaining fell prey to the resurgent Russian military. Despite all his attempts to resurrect his powerful military machine, Napoleon soon found out that time was not on his side and was soon forced to abdicate following the conquest of Paris in 1814 by the Coalition powers. [11] The years from the start of the revolution to the abdication of Napoleon have had a marked effect on France in particular and Europe in general. He introduced equality and justice throughout the lands he governed and even though France returned to having an emperor, the new King had limited power. Napoleon’s wars were followed by the concept of nationalism in Europe that helped shape the future Geo political landscape. In my opinion, the Napoleonic years had a resounding effect on European history and although some of his actions are controversial, it can be argued that he was able to help France move towards a republic. [12] References Baily, J.T. Herbert. Napoleon. London: The Cranford Press, 1908. Bainesville, Jacques. Napoleon. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1933. Barnett, Correlli. Bonaparte. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978. Bergeron, Louise. France Under Napoleon. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. Bowden, Scott. The Glory Years of 1805 -1807: Napoleon and Austerlitz. Chicago: The Emperor’s Press, 1997. Bruce, Evangeline. Napoleon Josephine. New York: Kensington Books, 1995. Carrington, Dorothy. Napoleon and His Parents. New York: Dutton, 1990. [13] Castelot, Andre. Napoleon. New York: Harper and Row, 1968. Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. New York: Scribner, 1966. Connelly, Owen. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991. Cronin, Vincent. Napoleon. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1971. Geyl, Pieter. Napoleon For and Against. London: Jonathan Cape, 1957. [1] Bainesville, Jacques. Napoleon. (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1933). 53. [2] Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. (New York: Scribner, 1966). 124 [3] Cronin, Vincent. Napoleon. (London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1971). 111 [4] Chandler, David G. The Campaigns of Napoleon. (New York: Scribner, 1966). 126 [5] Bergeron, Louise. France Under Napoleon. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990). 225 [6] Baily, J.T. Herbert. Napoleon. (London: The Cranford Press, 1908). 26 [7] Castelot, Andre. Napoleon. (New York: Harper and Row, 1968). 68 [8] Connelly, Owen. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. (Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991). 91 [9] Connelly, Owen. The French Revolution and Napoleonic Era. (Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1991). 123. [10] Cronin, Vincent. Napoleon. (London: Harper Collins Publishers, 1971). 73 [11] Geyl, Pieter. Napoleon For and Against. (London: Jonathan Cape, 1957). 58 [12] Baily, J.T. Herbert. Napoleon. (London: The Cranford Press, 1908). 192 How to cite Napoleon, Essay examples

The Impact of Social Norms on Seat Essay Example

The Impact of Social Norms on Seat Essay Every person entering the theater thereafter is subject not only to their wan theater experience preferences but more importantly by the seating selections of all the people already seated. There are many norms for attending a movie theater. These include explicit norms, norms that have been openly written or spoken (Starker, 1) and implicit norms, norms that are understood but not precisely recorded (Cornball, 59). Explicit or formal norms have clear rules for punishment. Creating a disruption during the movie Is grounds for ejection from the theater. Most theaters openly state during the previews that cell phones need to be turned off and that talking should be kept to a minimum. Implicit or Informal norms regulate seat selection In a theater where at least one person is already present and seated. These informal norms are strengthened by the anticipation of a crowd. The anticipation of a crowd has been shown to encourage more socially isolated seating choices and an increase in the avoidance of contact with others (Greenberg, 672). As additional people enter the theater, their seating choices are no longer based on the anticipation of a crowd but on the reality of the remaining availability of seats. The dwindling number of empty seats forces the choice of seats that are closer to other people. For example, the first persons entering the theater chooses the seat they consider perfect, the center seat In the center row. The second person enters, surveys the locations of any other patrons In the theater and picks a seat using a loosely formed set of Informal norms or rules. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Social Norms on Seat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Social Norms on Seat specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Social Norms on Seat specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer All subsequent people repeat these steps taking Into account the locations of each of the seats filled. The unstated rules are either more or less strictly interpreted based on the percentage of the theater capacity filled. The second and third people entering the theater are expected to interpret the rules strictly, thus anticipating a crowd in the theater. As the theater fills, the interpretation weakens. Most of the norms are related to the amount of personal space around each person in the theater. In American society intimate space is defined as 0-18 inches, personal space 1. To 4 feet, and social space 4 to 10 feet. (iron) These distances serve as a basis for the social norms used to select seating. In an attempt to explain the decisions related to seat selection in a movie theater, I propose the following as the Implicit norms observed by American movie theater patrons; 1) do not obstruct anyone elses view of the screen, 2) do not it directly In front of another person, 3) do not sit directly behind another person, and 4) do not sit In the seat adjacent to another person.. The second and third people entering strictly interpret the norms by choosing seats in entirely different sections; I. E. Ten TLS person chosen center row, center seat; Ten second person wall choose the right front section, and the third person will chose the left section closer to the rear. These seats were chosen as a way of avoiding contact with those already seated and creating the greatest amount of social isolation possible. As the theater ills, the implicit rules are interpreted less strictly. Eventually the amount of social isolation is decreased to the point where the norms are actually broken. High attendance on opening night at many popular movies will cause all of the implicit norms to be broken. The previously defined social norms must be adjusted slightly when couples or groups are attending a movie together. If the couple is two females or a male and female then the two are likely to sit side-by-side. Two males will often leave an empty seat between them. Groups will usually sit together in a general area sometimes using similarly located seats on multiple rows. Their seats may not be located side-by-side but are considered a single unit. Available seats that comply with the implicit norms are still not directly in-front of or directly behind any person in the couple or group. Also, at least one seat should be vacant to the left and right of the couple or outermost members of the group unless extremely high movie attendance prohibits. What happens when the implicit rules are not properly interpreted while determining seat selection? More specifically, how would a person react if a stranger sat in the adjacent seat in a nearly empty movie theater? As a jugular movie theater patron I evaluated my own reaction were I put in the proposed situation. If a stranger sat beside me in a theater where there were numerous other seats available, I believe I would get up and move too different seat. I posed this question to several other people and each replied they would be uncomfortable and relocate to another seat. I decided to break this informal norm and observe whether the affected person reacted as anticipated. I needed a movie that had a low percentage of the theater seats filled. To predict which movie would have low attendance I took into consideration the number of weeks the movie had been in heaters, the amount of current publicity about the movie and the stereotype of the average person attending the movie. Movies showing at discount cinemas have been in theaters the greatest number of weeks. So I picked the Pollack Tempe Cinema which shows second-run movies for $2. 00. To ensure the smallest number in attendance at the Pollack Tempe Cinema, I also had to pick a night other than Tuesday, when the ticket prices are reduced even further to $1. 5 and attendance soars. Next I deduced that movies having recently won an Oscar would have an increased amount of publicity thus leading to an increase in attendance. Lastly, I decided to eliminate childrens movies from my choices because that implies an audience of parents and children and might discourage single individuals from attending. Ultimately, I chose a 7:pm showing of Oceans 12 on a Thursday night. I entere d the theater at almost exactly 7:pm. The lights were dimming and the previews beginning as I studied the available seating locations throughout the theater. This theater had a seating capacity of 400 and on this particular night was about 25% full. There were numerous seats available that did not violate any of the implicit norms regulating seat selection. My observation partner, Alistair, took a seat in the center of the second row from the rear. The nearest occupied seats were located two rows forward to the left and one row behind in the right section separated Dye Ten ales . Alligators seat console neared to all AT Ten Internal norms. In the fifth row from the rear, three seats to the left of the aisle sat a lone male, Ralph. Since he was alone and in clear view of my observation partner Ralph seemed to be a perfect choice. I walked down the aisle and decided that I would sit in the second seat from the aisle, which was the adjacent seat on Rallys right. This would mean that Ralph would have to cross in front of me to easily relocate to another seat, which was what I expected. When I arrived at the end of Rallys aisle I leaned down, gestured toward the empty seat to his right and asked if the seat was taken. This offered Ralph an opportunity to protect his personal space and create a reason why I should not sit in the available seat. Instead, it seemed as if he stammered for a moment but ultimately replied no. This indicated to me that Ralph was aware that I was taking the seat and he was not stopping me. I sat down in the center of my seat, UT my soda in the cup holder to my right and began eating my popcorn. I sensed unease from Ralph but did not turn to face him or acknowledge him any further than my initial question about the availability of the seat. Since I was already nervous about sitting down next to a stranger in a dark movie theater, I was unsure if the perceived unease was real or imagined. Alistair, later stated that from his rear viewpoint it appeared as if Ralph was extremely uncomfortable but he continued watching the preview on the screen. He did not turn toward me again after I sat down but rather shifted in his seat to the side furthest away. As the first preview ended and the second began, I wondered if Ralph would remain in his seat throughout the entire movie. I speculated that if the roles were reversed I would have probably relocated to a new seat already. As each moment passed I felt my own apprehension dissipating. Then out of my peripheral vision I saw a women walking slowly down the aisle to my right. Silently I begged her to keep walking past me but somehow I already knew where she was going. Fully aware of her presence as she stopped at the end of the row shared only by Ralph and myself, I realized that Ralph was not alone as I had previously deduced. Instead Ralph and Alice were attending the movie as a couple. Not only had I purposely broken the social rules affecting seat selection but I had inadvertently broken a much stronger social norm that extends beyond the movie theater. Do not sit adjacent to the opposite sex member of a couple, when another less invasive seat is available. In response to Lices arrival at her seat, which I was currently occupying, I rose with my popcorn and soda in hand and moved to the aisle. Alistair reported that from his vantage point, it appeared as though I realized I had taken someone elses seat and was moving to another location in the theater. Instead of relocating I decided to sit down in the open seat between Alice and the aisle. I continued eating my popcorn and watching the movie previews as though nothing out of the ordinary had occurred. Alice did not speak to me or look in my direction after she sat down. She began talking to Ralph loudly in Spanish, which I could not understand. She was gesturing emphatically and acting very agitated. Ralph responded in Spanish but his tone was much quieter. Alistair later said that he could hear Alice from three rows back and that she was directing her irritation toward Ralph. Alistair described Ralph as quietly facing the screen while being berated by Alice. After a few minutes of outwardly ignoring the disturbance beside me I decided to take a quick peek at the situation to my let Alice was gesturing toward me Walt near let nana Ana speaking spans quickly with an angry tone. I decided that if I remained in my seat much longer that Alice might decide to direct her anger toward me. I quickly rose and moved to the seat beside my observation partner. Immediately upon my departure Alice became silent. For nearly thirty minutes there was silence between Ralph and Alice. They leaned away from each other in their seats and did not share any physical contact. Then Alice left the theater and returned with popcorn. They quietly shared the popcorn while slowly shifting in their seats. First toward the center of their seats but by approximately 8:20 they were intimately pressed shoulder to shoulder. After the movie ended, I quickly left the theater. I had initially planned to break only one social norm by sitting beside a stranger. In the process, I had actually broken an even stronger norm by taking the seat adjacent to that of someones spouse or significant other. I was concerned that Alice might feel a need to confront me about what she possibly perceived as an attempt to intrude on her relationship with Ralph. This experiment clearly showed how breaking one social norm can easily result in the violation of additional unexpected norms. Movie theaters offer an unusual environment for seating. Movies are shown in the dark which creates an intimate setting. Ata movie theater the price of the ticket is not related to the location of the seat, unlike concerts or live performance theaters. Also, movie theater patrons chose their own seats, unlike restaurants where the establishment often provides a hostess o direct seating locations. American society has developed a set of informal norms to regulate which seats people choose in a theater in the absence of official guidance.